THE ODD SPIRITUALISM OF SIR ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE

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Sherlock Holmes is renowned for being super-rational. Yet his creator, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, claimed to speak with the spirits of the dead. Andrew Lycett considers this paradox on the eve of the author's 150th birthday ...

Special to MORE INTELLIGENT LIFE

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle let me down. Shortly before I completed writing his biography, I went to a small corrugated building in North London to see if I could substantiate his belief in communication with the dead.

My destination was the Rochester Square Spiritualist Temple. As a plaque inside the door attests, Sir Arthur had helped finance its construction in the decade before his death in 1930. Having grown rich through his Sherlock Holmes stories, he had become the world’s most famous exponent of spiritualism.

In my coat I carried a letter in Conan Doyle’s hand. Perhaps I hoped this would give off some subtle communication to the temple's medium, who was busily delivering messages from the dead to members of the small, mainly female, congregation. I had hoped to learn more about the man, and maybe even something about myself.

But while the medium singled out people in the congregation to tell them details about themselves and their loved ones, she failed to alight on me. Despite her histrionic efforts to get in touch with ‘spirit’ (as she put it, without the definite article), she left my many queries unsolved and my scepticism fortified.

What a pity. It would have been sensational to round off my biography with definitive answers to nagging questions, such as: What was Holmes’s actual relationship with Watson? And did the upright Sir Arthur have an adulterous affair with a younger woman while his first wife was dying of tuberculosis?

More apposite: how could Conan Doyle, a medical man steeped in empirical reasoning at Edinburgh University and the creator of a super-rational detective, have fallen for this mumbo jumbo? His support for spiritualism lent credence to some of the more outrageous frauds perpetrated on people desperately trying to get in touch with loved ones lost in the first world war. In his desire to prove the existence of spirits, he notoriously promoted two Yorkshire girls who, for a lark, claimed they had photographed the Cottingley Fairies (pictured).

On one level, his was the story of a lapsed Roman Catholic troubled by an alcoholic father and never quite able to cast off his sense of the supernatural. On another it was the intellectual journey of an inquisitive man, dissatisfied with Victorian materialism but intent on using its tools to examine alternative forms of consciousness. This was also a time when orthodox religion was giving way to Darwin and science.
 
As a doctor Conan Doyle was fascinated by early experiments in thought transference and healing through mesmerism and hypnotism. These were given an occult twist by early spiritualists, such as the Fox sisters from upstate New York, who won acclaim in the 1840s for their apparent ability to communicate with the dead through table-rapping (though they later confessed to fraud). America-based clairvoyants such as Daniel Dunglas Home crossed the Atlantic to become celebrities in Victorian Britain, where, despite being denounced by Robert Browning in his poem "Mr Sludge, 'the Medium'", they were even feted by scientists.

Paradoxically for an anti-materialist movement, spiritualism began boasting ever more tangible signs of such communication, including ‘spirit photographs’, ectoplasm and objects that floated round a room at a medium’s behest. The conditions for fraud were widespread.

Conan Doyle became interested in the Society for Psychical Research (SPR), set up in 1882 to scientifically investigate paranormal phenomena, such as extra-sensory perception. But he found himself at odds with the SPR’s objectivity. He felt he didn't need laboratory experiments to prove what he knew to be true.

After holding séances with his wife Jean to get in touch with members of their family killed in the first world war, Conan Doyle came out as a spiritualist. He claimed to converse with the spirits of the dead. Virtually abandoning Sherlock Holmes, Conan Doyle churned out books on spiritualism and addressed vast audiences around the world on the subject. He proudly adopted the sobriquet "the St Paul of the New Dispensation", ruffling some feathers along the way. In North America he clashed with Harry Houdini, an illusionist, who argued that all spiritualists’ "tricks" could be replicated by a competent magician.

He was a crusader who enjoyed fighting for a minority cause. Shortly before his death in July 1930, he headed a spiritualists’ delegation to the Home Secretary, J.R. Clynes, protesting against police harassment of mediums under antiquated witchcraft and vagrancy laws.

Almost eight decades later, spiritualism has seen off the threat of official persecution. (One of the last mediums to be tried for witchcraft in Britain was Helen Duncan in 1944, largely because she had seemed to imperil D-Day security by providing information about a sunken British ship.) Yet like many Victorian phenomena, spiritualism has fallen by the wayside. Those who are disenchanted with religion but keen on the supernatural may now content themselves with the new-age movement.

For all his commitment to spiritualism, Conan Doyle, who would have been 150 on May 22nd, was canny enough not to compromise Sherlock Holmes’s credibility with it. Presented with evidence of the supernatural in "The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire", the great detective says, "This agency stands flat-footed upon the ground, and there it must remain. The world is big enough for us. No ghosts need apply."

(Andrew Lycett’s "Conan Doyle: The Man Who Created Sherlock Holmes" is published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson in Britain and by Free Press in America. He recently spoke at a Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Sesquicentennial Celebration at Harvard University.)
 

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Comments

Conan Doyle and spiritualism


I was very sorry to read that article by Andrew Lycett on Doyle and spiritualism. I have studied this phenomenon for forty years and know very well how there are crackpots as well authentic mediums. How could Lycett go to one church to investigate this incredible subject and come away with such disdain at not being called upon. Mediums do not always call on everybody in a congregation. He should take up the investigative spirit of Sherlock Holmes and really go after the truth.

Doyl's Spiritualism


As another confirmation of Schopenhauer's doctrine, it could be said that Doyle's Will overcame his Reason. He wanted desperately to communicate with his deceased son. No Holmesian logic would deter him.

Bunk


There is no need to investigate the fraud of spiritualism any more. It has been thoroughly debunked. The Amazing Randy, to name just one major example, has had a $1 million prize set up for many years now. Not ONE SINGLE person has ever been able to demonstrate ANY psychic powers under rigorous analysis.

NOT ONE.

Spirituality is inborn instinct of mankind.


We can speak with dead with the help of Spirit is doubtful. But curiosity of spirituality is inborn in man` nature.
Mankind searching from ancient time who we are, from where we came, what happen after death these question are haunting to all mankind forever.Different way people are searching answer for these question, so if there are no scientific proof of spirituality curiosity of this subject never die.

Often in error, never in doubt...


There's a childlike, almost enchanted quality to the willful nescience of fundamaterialists. Ironic? Amusingly. Moronic? Provably. But don't waste your time: vapid usages such as "mumbo jumbo" and "new age" are sure signs of invincible ignorance; and the author himself, merely another victim of that perennial scourge, furor scribendi -- even when it's crap.

Of course new age spiritualism is hoax, but ...


This is the impasse of rationalism, where a victory of reason is no victory at all. As I see all around myself, there is no way one's going to persuade a spiritualist/evangelist that miracles don't happen/exist. Their voluntary embrace of irrationality overcomes sound reason. They will keep telling you that there is more to it than you can know/understand/see.

Strictly speking, you cannot 'prove' the primacy of reason in a debate with rational arguments because that's already what you're trying to prove. It'd be dogmatic to claim everything can be explained through reason when reason itself is at stake.

Moreover, enlightment rationalists did not have to deal with memories of holocaust, world wars, hiroshima and 9/11 and prospects of possible mass extinction. Richard Dawkins accuses postmodern pluralism, but he probably forgot that postmodernism itself is an offshoot of the failure of enlightment project.

Reason vs Superstition


"The sleep of reason produces demons." Goya.

Without reason, what remains is ignorance and its bedfellow - fear.

Doyle's spiritualism


It's interesting that most respondents make Holmes out to be a hyper-rational hero - but in many of the stories Holmes' analysis have at least a little privileged information, so that the reader cannot deduce, as Holmes does, the causes of various events. Thus Holmes is not a rational hero, but a mystic rationalist, much like the protagonists of Star Trek.
Doyle grew to detest Holmes, which is why he polished him off in the notorious waterfall scene with Moriarty.
Doyle preferred Sir Nigel Loring, his medieval hero, but his public, unhappily, did not.

a self righteous question


The question as to how intelligent men can fall for nonsense is easily asnwered, if it were in fact a bona fide question. It is answered by the fact the emotional need trumps reason every time. Indeed intelligence will be subverted to serve the error, not used to refute it

In fact I am offended by the self righteousness of the question ("how could a man so steeped in medicine etc fall for such mumbo jumbo?"). Does the author really think that his intelligence protects him from the prevailing nonsense that society is built on today?

Look at the insanity of human history, powered often by the intelligent.

The question is more like this: what makes one think that the intelligent are necessarily wise and thus immune to nonsense? Have we forgotten the difference between the two

"A Self-Righteous Question"


Proper respects to Steve Meikle for the comment on 05-19-09. Amid the flaming snarks who sometimes overrun the internet, pieces of wisdom like yours offer refreshing insight instead of the usual invitations to sneer. Special appreciation for your question, "what makes one think that the intelligent are necessarily wise and thus immune to nonsense?" Those with strength of character sometimes seem to be the real minority in the world. At least Doyle was only an author -- without strength of character in our leaders, we are left behind while they chase pretty little fairies.

Victorian and Edwardian Metaphysical Quests


Hardly "odd" in the context of Victorian popular culture. "Spiritualism" and its offspring, occultism, are major forces in the evolution of "modernity"--and to look at our own culture as modernism's legacy, not all for the good. In any event, Shaw described the last decades of the 19th century and first decade of the 20th century as being: "superstitious, and addicted to table-rapping, materialization séances, clairvoyance, palmistry, crystal-gazing and the like to such an extent that it may be doubted whether ever before in the history of the world did sooth-sayers, astrologers, and unregistered therapeutic specialists of all sorts flourish as they did during this half century of the drift to the abyss." It was good sense indeed that Doyle declined membership in the Golden Dawn, and so avoided the likes of such despicable persons as Aleister Crowley. But even in 1920 that Doyle would have hoped in the Cottingley Fairies as revealing an alternative reality was perhaps typical of many Edwardian elites rather than exceptional.

Julian Barnes


Julian Barnes's novel Arthur & George, apart from being a rattling good read, offers a very interesting interpretation of Conan Doyle's interest in these things. He was fully aware, it seems, that most people regard spiritualism as a fraud; his attitude, bolstered by that of his friend and very much admired physicist, Oliver Lodge, was that it was another of those things previously deemed impossible -- like the flight of heavier-than-air objects, or radio -- which science had just not yet elucidated.

A.C. Doyle


It seems pretty obvious that poor Doyle was unhinged by grief.

Rationalism, idiocy, spiritualism, spirituality


Empirical rationalism can go hand in hand with superstition. The great Newton indulged in idiotic Biblical exegeses. The pity is that the stupidities of spiritualism lend support to materialism in its tendency to lead us away from affirming the need for spiritual values and a spiritual life.

HOW CAN YOU BE SURPRISED?


Our species may be more intelligent than others, but there were time when being completely rational about everything would have had evolutionary drawbacks. The desire to find spiritual aspects to existence can be seen as once having had evolutionary survival value, regardless of whether or not the propensity was rationally based.

If, however, someone wants a worthwhile cause, what about attempting to help people understand the role of cognitive dissonance in 'protecting' us from the pain of being too rational?

Sir Arthur Conning Foiled!


It is one great irony, this proponent of shrewd deductive reasoning and the illusionist entertainer, and my favorite story of the two happened in 1920 at Atlantic City, I believe it was. Doyle was friendly with Houdini and constantly inveigled him to join his spiritualist crusade, but Harry always escaped his clutches. This day Doyle invited Harry to sit with his wife, who would then perform her automatic writing stunt to contact the sainted mother of Houdini. Okay, says Harry. He had been a student of extranonsensory babble for some time, inspired by that very wish to know if he might connect with his deceased mother.

What followed was the usual theatrical trance and scribbling and Mrs Doyle did indeed make contact with Mrs Houdini and the conversation was mostly that esteemed lady's praise of the medium by which they were in contact. It's like a phone call from a long-dead relative and she cannot stop talking about the wonders of 3G on the iPhone.

Very nice, thank you, said Harry, always the gentleman. Whereupon the Doyles returned to England to triumphantly announce the great Harry Houdini had been convinced by Mrs Doyle to join their Twits for Twaddle movement.

Not so, said Harry, when informed of the premature celebration overseas. You see, while Mum had lived in this country for sixty years, she never learned a word of English. Also, it happened the seance occurred on her birthday, and "she" never even mentioned it.

The friendship with the Doyles ended shortly thereafter.

The most likely explanation for the madness of Sir Art is dementia.

A strange irony perhaps?


That Conan Doyle, who made his money selling a rational, scientific hero, made spiritualism his avocation, while Harry Houdini, who made money fooling people with illusions and tricks, made his the debunking of spiritualism.

Spiritualists fall into two categories. The first is scam artists who don't believe, but seek money, fame, etc. with it. The second is true believers, who typically dismiss any evidence that doesn't fit their faith in the supernatural. These people are actually much less reasonable and open-minded people than the skeptics they brand as narrow-minded, because they refuse to accept any other explanation but the one they have decided ahead of time -- the one that is completely unverifiable.

To those who are upset with the dismissal of spiritualism as "mumbo jumbo," I say this: there is no verifiable evidence for it, but feel free to convince me otherwise. Spiritualism may exist. I believe the probability is very low, so low that I behave as if it doesn't exist at all. However, if someone were to provide convincing evidence to the contrary, then I would be willing to reconsider. Generally speaking, it's the process of rigorous examination of spiritual claims that true believers have such a problem with. If spiritualism is real, it's doing a good job of hiding. True believers sometimes say that you have to have the "eyes of faith to see it" or some such thing. This provides the convenient explanation for any time the supernatural fails to live up to its claims. I'm reminded of Uri Geller saying that Johnny Carson was sabotaging his spoon-bending power with negative thoughts.

Pascal said, "the heart has reasons that reason cannot know." Those of faith see that statement as validation of their faith, that some truths are beyond reason. Skeptics see it as a warning of the capricious and gullible nature that our emotions provoke.

Some truths are beyond our reason. Some truths that are beyond our reason today will not be tomorrow. However, using faith as the basis for accepting or rejecting claims is essentially stochastic. If it brings us closer to the truth, it is only by random luck, and who knows what direction the next bit of faith will send us in. Over the course of things, it will average out that faith adds nothing to the body of knowledge, because it leads us down as many wrong paths as correct, with no means to distinguish.

Conan Doyle - The last laugh?


It’s a shame that biographers treat Doyle’s quest to find out the truth about what happens when we die with such disrespect.
It is understandable that people posting here might, but they are not claiming to know or understand Doyle as biographers often do, and if you don’t believe in the survival which Arthur did, there is no real point in slagging him off when he’s not here to defend himself.

Andrew Lycett’s visit to Rochester Spiritualist church is quite funny really.

Picture the scene. “Arthur, are you there? I’m writing a book and telling people you were deluded because you believed in life after death, even though i have no idea what will happen to me when the day comes, and if you could just confirm you are there maybe i will re-write my book?”

What did he expect to happen, did he really thing Arthur would be sitting there ready to contribute? it’s hysterical when you think about it...

A popular misconception is that Doyle was involved with afterlife studies because his son died. Were this true it would be a good motivation for investigating, but the fact is that he started investigating in 1887 when he visited a spiritualist church in Portsmouth. He then studied the phenomena for 29 years before writing his first book on the subject, 'The New Revelation' which came out in March 1918. I’m not a Doyle expert but as far as i am aware, His son Kingsley died October 28th 1918. Maybe he had a premonition about it and that’s why he was upset :-)

Another statement often made is that Spiritualism has been completely debunked. Spiritualism claims that some part of us (Our spirit) survives physical death, or putting it another way, that consciousness is not a product of the brain, that it is primary, and that the mind and the brain are separate. This is one of the BIG questions that is still being investigated today, and if it has seriously been disproved, will the person responsible please let everyone know how, because there are a few billon people around the world who would like to know... I wonder what they will all do on Sundays?

Another statement made is that there has never been any evidence of anything psychic ever happening. This is also a misconception.
There are studies that have been going on for years showing evidence for clairvoyance, remote viewing, telepathy, near death experiences, if anyone cares to go out and look for it.

Lastly, there are millions of sane rational people round the world who experience psychic events every day that shouldn’t happen to them according to the materialist paradigm.
But these experiences often stay with them and change their lives, and to say they are stupid or talking ‘mumbo jumbo‘ is not only disrespectful but often said in ignorance.

Of course sometimes Doyle got it wrong, the Cottingley fairies being a good example, but that doesn’t change the truth, and he was just trying to discover the truth about who we are and why we are here.

It is easy to be a sceptic, but if one doesn’t investigate thoroughly or if one dismisses the evidence, even when its there, the sceptic is not being honest, but just falling back on his or her materialist belief system, which after all is just another faith based system.

The great thing is it doesn’t matter what anyone of us think, because eventually we will all die and we will all find out the truth, and Arthur may just have the last laugh.

Doyle/Holmes super rational?


Doyle/Holmes super rational? Oh, please.
Doyle didn't even know the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning--apparently very few of his readers and critics do, either. His fictional detective didn't employ deductive reasoning, but inductive.
Doyle was just a goober churning out the pseud for other goobers.
Oh, yeah, when you guys say "intelligent," don't you really mean "educated"?
Uh huh.

I still think Hamlet was


I still think Hamlet was right, that some sense of humility about what we don't know is in order, and that Mr. Lycett comes off as a rather dull Horatio.

What You Don't Know


Once a novel set in a madhouse called "I Never Promised You A Rose Garden" presented a psych with a logical riddle for a patient who heard voices, most often that of a guide from the distant planet Yr. The doctor said, your voices never tell you anything you don't already know. The sick one agreed, but said, yet they are there. And the session ended.

If I go to Mexico, or the next town over, or sometimes into the next room, I will most likely return with some new experience, a wrinkle in the moods, climates, councils unknown to my current sphere. Yet many many have contacted the Premise Land or astral traveled to famous historic events, and come back with only the most boring banalities. Cleopatra said I should follow my heart when the moon's in Taurus.

By their own witness, god seeks out only the dullest and dimmest citizens for private conference, and they are none of them ever improved by the interview.

Expanding the definition of "spiritualism"


Having been something of a fan of the Holmes series as a youngster (if a fallen one decades later), I found this article very interesting. However, I'm commenting more because of the discussion thread here, which is one of the most thoughtful I've read in a very loong time, and hats off to every contributor for (1.) knowing something of what you speak, (2.) couching what you know clearly, (3.) bringing something worthy of reflection to the discussion table, and (4.) doing all this even while maintaining civility, courtesy, and decorum.

Take, for instance, Rick's comment "A strange irony perhaps." Truth be known, I'm merely noting a "glimpse of the blindingly obvious" that what he says regarding spiritualism, in the context of Doyle, the Edwardian era, etc. can easily -- and, I believe, fairly -- expanded to cover all religion and other mysticism.

Don't misunderstand me: I am (if I must accept a label) an agnostic, I suppose, certainly open to evidence. In fact, I hope the spiritualists, preachers, mystics, mediums, etc. are onto something -- after all, it's hardly inspiring to think that at the end of it all nothing more happens than we cease, period.

And to think I very nearly became an Episcopalian (the American equivalent of Anglican) priest in my youth!

It's a downright tragedy that a field such as this is such a goldmine for hucksters/fraudsters/charlatans. Those sorts of folks make it difficult to distinguish who is seriously interested in particular phenomena and themselves (the fraudsters).

The UFO field provides a good parallel. Serious scientists are engaged in considering what the possibilities might be -- after all, one can now get formal degrees in such fields as astrobiology, space law, and the like.

Anyway, thanks to the author of the article and to all the respondents. I spend many hours every day online reading articles about just about every subject there is, and most of the time, discussions such as this quickly degenerate into slanging matches -- you know, the sort of "discussion" in which people resort to 'RTO999 -- YOUR A COMPLETE IDIOT!!!" My misspelling of "you're" as "your" is deliberate, to underswcore the probable inability of the writer to realize his own error (which generously assume he ever attended school).

Cheers!

Re: Doyle/Holmes super rational?


To the claim that:

Doyle didn't even know the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning--apparently very few of his readers and critics do, either. His fictional detective didn't employ deductive reasoning, but inductive.

I would reply that things are not so simple. The eminent 20th century philosopher of science Karl Popper challenged the notion that science rested on a principle of induction. Following in the footsteps of David Hume, Popper argued that it was impossible to prove the validity of any sort of principle of induction. He further argued that the process of the scientific validation of hypotheses could be better understood in terms of a hypothetico-deductive model. Scientists, according to this view, pose hypotheses or conjectures to explain phenomena. From these hypotheses or conjectures, scientists then deduce consequences in terms of expected observations which can then be tested empirically and by which these hypotheses can be falsified. If a hypothesis is falsified then it is either modified or thrown out, otherwise it is retained and subjected to further testing. In Popper's view, deductive reasoning plays an important role in scientific inquiry.

It is certainly true that Popper's thesis that induction is not a necessary part of scientific inquiry has been quite controversial among philosophers of science. Most of them think that science cannot so easily jettison induction. I suspect that they are correct, but returning to Sherlock Holmes, we might want to say that employed both inductive and deductive reasoning in solving his cases.

I agree with most people here that Doyle went off the deep end when he embraced spiritualism.

Doyle and Spiritualism


The first part of this article is less about Dolyle, more about Andrew Lycett's determination to score a point against Spiritualism and flag his prejudices for tired giggles. He makes no attempt to research the religion or to establish what a medium does: instead, he presumes for satirical purposes that a medium should be able to answer his questions on demand. There is nothing about mediumship that should lead anyone to that expectation. It's amazing what a little research can establish.

It is disappointing that a magazine which makes a virtue of its grey matter is reduced to slack-thinking cliches in its approach to matters which by their nature are intangible. Lycett might consider stepping out of his comfort zone of materialist certainties and actually scanning some of the results of para-psychological research conducted over the past century or so in different parts of the world. He might then have a better understanding of Doyle and other things besides and not make a fool of himself at seances.

COMMENT


WHO HAS ESCAPED THE LURE OF THE METAPHYSICAL (IN THE LITERAL SENSE OF BEYOND THE PHYSICAL)?

CERTAINLY NOT SOME OUR MOST INTELLIGENT AND CREATIVE SCIENTISTS.

TAKE A LOOK AT ISAAC NEWTON, FOR EXAMPLE.

As to intelligent men falling for such nonsense...


"This is like being surprised anyone should be stricken with cholera because of a creature so insignificant as a common bacillus."
-- Proust

Belief in a god, the continuing life of the dead, in fairies, in ufo's, in a philosophy or a political creed, in an economic model, or an historical viewpoint...(etcetera, ad infinitum). It can all be reduced down to basically the same seeming paradox of why some intelligent people like certain foods (colors, clothes, music, books, films, etc.) while others just as equally intelligent absolutely detest them.

The subjective nature of human nature, and experience cannot necessarily be overcome by a man's "intelligence" in the knowledge that two plus two equals four, and other such gifts of education and enlightenment. (Sad to say.)

I doff my hat to you, Mr. Steve Meikle
"a self righteous question"

May 19, 2009 - 19:09

On the other hand, when it


On the other hand, when it is a question of spiritualism and a connection beyond the border, they are similar. In spiritualism, it is believed that there are also other things besides mere air around and near us. These are mainly deceased spirits with whom people can be connected to receive and deliver messages.

Many people also like to think that they have been in contact with their relatives and their next-of-kin, receiving messages from them. On the other hand, others believe that they have been in contact with well-known people such as Napoleon, Picasso, Carl Jung, pharaohs, kings, or even people who are mentioned in the New Testament. The best example could be the famous medium, Arthur Ford who claimed to have been in connection with 8,000 deceased people.

However, we may ask whether it is possible that in this case, just as in the UFO phenomena, it is only a question of deceit? Many people who have been dealing with these things do not take this into consideration, making a great mistake.

http://koti.phnet.fi/elohim/spiritualism

no matter what they say


no matter what they say about Doyle, I just adore his works (downloaded them all from http://www.picktorrent.com ) I grew up on them and will gladly read them to my children:) it always happens that after someone's death people start searching for different weired facts in his biography...what for? just enjoy reading!

Arthur Conan Doyle


Arthur Conan Doyle is now considered the creator of the world \ 's most famous detective Sherlock Holmes. But he was much more. Besides being a popular and prolific author - his literary output, including historical novels, sci-fi and history of the Boer War and First World War - his passion for a wide range of topics, righ to colorful and fascinating character in his own

Many people also like to


Many people also like to think that they have been in contact with their relatives and their next-of-kin, receiving messages from them. On the other hand, others believe that they have been in contact with well-known people such as Napoleon, Picasso, ( http://www.rapidsloth.com/Picasso.html ) Carl Jung, pharaohs, kings, or even people who are mentioned in the New Testament. The best example could be the famous medium, Arthur Ford who claimed to have been in connection with 8,000 deceased people.

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